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Alice Paul - Wikipedia. Alice Paul (January 1. July 9, 1. 97. 7) was an American suffragist, feminist, and women's rights activist, and one of the main leaders and strategists of the 1. Nineteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, which prohibits sex discrimination in the right to vote. Along with Lucy Burns and others, Paul strategized events, such as the Woman Suffrage Procession and the Silent Sentinels, which were part of the successful campaign that resulted in its passage in 1.

After 1. 92. 0, Paul spent a half century as leader of the National Woman's Party, which fought for her Equal Rights Amendment to secure constitutional equality for women. She won a large degree of success with the inclusion of women as a group protected against discrimination by the Civil Rights Act of 1. She insisted that her National Woman's Party focus on the legal status of all women and resisted calls to address issues like birth control. Early life[edit]Alice Paul was born on January 1. Paulsdale in Mount Laurel Township, New Jersey.[2] She was the eldest of four children of William Mickle Paul I (1. Tacie Paul (née Parry), and a descendant of William Penn, the Quaker founder of Pennsylvania. Her siblings were Willam, Helen, and Parry.

She grew up in the Quaker tradition of public service; her ancestors included participants in the New Jersey Committee of Correspondence in the Revolutionary era and a state legislative leader in the 1. The Quakers believed that all people, including women, were equal in the sight of God. Alice first learned about women's suffrage from her mother, a member of the National American Woman Suffrage Association; Paul would sometimes join her mother in attending suffragist meetings.[3]Education[edit].

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Alice Paul and Helen Gardener, ca. Paul attended Moorestown Friends School, where she graduated at the top of her class.[4] In 1. Paul went to Swarthmore College, an institution co- founded by her grandfather. While attending Swarthmore, Paul served as a member on the Executive Board of Student Government, one experience which may have sparked her eventual excitement for political activism. Alice graduated from Swarthmore College with a bachelor's degree in Biology in 1. Partly in order to avoid going into teaching work, Paul completed a fellowship year at a settlement house in New York City after her graduation, living on the Lower East Side at the College Settlement House. While working on settlement activities taught her about the need to right injustice in America, Alice soon decided that social work was not the way she was to achieve this goal: "I knew in a very short time I was never going to be a social worker, because I could see that social workers were not doing much good in the world..

Paul then earned her M. A. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1. She continued her studies at the Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre in Birmingham, England, and took Economics classed from the University of Birmingham, while continuing to earn money doing social work.

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She first heard Christabel Pankhurst speak at Birmingham. When she later moved to London to work, she joined the militant suffrage group the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) led by Christabel and her mother, Emmeline Pankhurst.

She was arrested repeatedly during suffrage demonstrations and served three jail terms. After returning from England in 1. Paul continued her studies at the University of Pennsylvania, earning a Ph.

D. in sociology. Her dissertation was entitled "The Legal Position of Women in Pennsylvania"; it discussed the history of the women's movement in Pennsylvania and the rest of the U. S., and urged woman suffrage as the key issue of the day.[7]Paul later received her law degree (LL. B) from the Washington College of Law at American University in 1. In 1. 92. 7, she earned an LL.

M, and in 1. 92. 8, a Doctorate in Civil Laws from American University.[9]Personal life[edit]Alice Paul had an active social life until she moved to Washington in late 1. She enjoyed close relationships with women and befriended, sometimes dated, men. Paul did not preserve private correspondence for the most part, so few details are available. Once Paul devoted herself to winning the vote for women, she placed the suffrage effort first in her life.

Nevertheless, Elsie Hill and Dora Kelly Lewis, two women she met early in her work for NAWSA, remained close to her all their lives. She knew William Parker, a scholar she met at the University of Pennsylvania, for several years; he may have tendered a marriage proposal in 1. The more thorough discussion of Paul's familial relations and friendships is found in J.

D. Zahniser's biography. Early work in British woman suffrage[edit]In 1. Mad City Online Putlocker. University of Pennsylvania, Paul moved to England, where she eventually became deeply involved with the British women's suffrage movement, regularly participating in demonstrations and marches of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). After a "conversion experience" seeing Christabel Pankhurst speak at the University of Birmingham, Paul became enamored with the movement. She first became involved by selling a Suffragette magazine on street corners.

This was a particularly difficult task considering the animosity towards the Suffragettes and opened her eyes to the abuse that women involved in the movement faced.[6] These experiences, combined with the teachings of Professor Beatrice Webb, convinced Paul that social work and charity could not bring about the needed social changes in society: this could only be accomplished through equal legal status for women.[6]While in London, Paul also met Lucy Burns, a fellow American activist who would become an important ally for the duration of the suffrage fight, first in England, then in the United States. The two women quickly gained the trust of prominent WSPU members and began organizing events and campaign offices.

When Emmeline Pankhurst attempted to spread the movement to Scotland, Paul and Burns accompanied her as assistants.[6]Paul quickly gained the trust of fellow WSPU members through both her talent with visual rhetoric and her willingness to put herself in physical danger in order to increase the visibility of the suffrage movement. While at the WSPU's headquarters in Edinburgh, Paul and local suffragists made plans to protest a speech by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sir Edward Grey. For a week prior, they spoke with people on the streets to promote knowledge about why they were protesting against the Cabinet member. At the meeting, after Grey discussed proposed legislation he claimed would lead to prosperity, Paul stood up and exclaimed: “Well, these are very wonderful ideals, but couldn’t you extend them to women?”[6] Police responded by dragging her out of the meeting and through the streets to the police station where she was arrested. As planned, this act was viewed by many as a public silencing of legitimate protest and resulted in an increase of press coverage and public sympathy.[6]Later events involved even more risk of bodily harm. Before a political meeting at St. Andrew's Hall in Glasgow in August 1.

Paul camped out on the roof of the hall so that she could address the crowd below. When she was forced by police to descend, crowds cheered her effort. Later, when Paul, Burns, and fellow suffragettes attempted to enter the event, they were beaten by police as sympathetic bystanders attempted to protect them. After Paul and her fellow protesters were taken into custody, crowds gathered outside the police station demanding the women's release.[6]On November 9, 1.

Lord Mayor's Day, the Lord Mayor of London hosted a banquet for cabinet ministers in the city's Guild Hall. Alice Paul planned the WSPU's response; she and Amelia Brown disguised themselves as cleaning women and entered into the building with the normal staff at 9: 0. Once in the building, the women hid until the event started that evening.

History of film - Wikipedia. This article is about the history of film as an artistic medium. For the history of motion- picture technology, see History of film technology. The history of film began in the 1. Because of the limits of technology, films of the 1.

The first decade of motion picture saw film moving from a novelty to an established mass entertainment industry. The films became several minutes long consisting of several shots. The first rotating camera for taking panning shots was built in 1.

The first film studios were built in 1. Special effects were introduced and film continuity, involving action moving from one sequence into another, began to be used.

In the 1. 90. 0s, continuity of action across successive shots was achieved and the first close- up shot was introduced (that some claim D. W. Griffith invented). Most films of this period were what came to be called "chase films". The first use of animation in movies was in 1. The first feature length multi- reel film was a 1.

Australian production. The first successful permanent theatre showing only films was "The Nickelodeon" in Pittsburgh in 1. By 1. 91. 0, actors began to receive screen credit for their roles and the way to the creation of film stars was opened.

Regular newsreels were exhibited from 1. From about 1. 91. American films had the largest share of the market in Australia and in all European countries except France.

New film techniques were introduced in this period including the use of artificial lighting, fire effects and low- key lighting (i. As films grew longer, specialist writers were employed to simplify more complex stories derived from novels or plays into a form that could be contained on one reel and be easier to be understood by the audience – an audience that was new to this form of storytelling. Genres began to be used as categories; the main division was into comedy and drama but these categories were further subdivided. During the First World War there was a complex transition for the film industry. The exhibition of films changed from short one- reel programs to feature films. Exhibition venues became larger and began charging higher prices.

By 1. 91. 4, continuity cinema was the established mode of commercial cinema. One of the advanced continuity techniques involved an accurate and smooth transition from one shot to another. D. W. Griffith had the highest standing among American directors in the industry, because of the dramatic excitement he conveyed to the audience through his films. The American film industry, or "Hollywood", as it was becoming known after its new geographical center in Hollywood, a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, gained the position it has held, more or less, ever since: film factory for the world and exporting its product to most countries. By the 1. 92. 0s, the United States reached what is still its era of greatest- ever output, producing an average of 8. Eyman, 1. 99. 7).

During late 1. 92. Warner's released The Jazz Singer, with the first synchronized dialogue (and singing) in a feature film. By the end of 1. 92.

Hollywood was almost all- talkie, with several competing sound systems (soon to be standardized). Sound saved the Hollywood studio system in the face of the Great Depression (Parkinson, 1. The desire for wartime propaganda created a renaissance in the film industry in Britain, with realistic war dramas. The onset of American involvement in World War II also brought a proliferation of films as both patriotism and propaganda.

The House Un- American Activities Committee investigated Hollywood in the early 1. During the immediate post- war years the cinematic industry was also threatened by television and the increasing popularity of the medium meant that some film theatres would bankrupt and close. The 1. 95. 0s was a 'Golden Age' for non- English world cinema. Roundhay Garden Scene is an 1. French inventor Louis Le Prince. It is believed to be the oldest surviving film in existence, as noted by the Guinness Book of Records.[2] The film Sortie de l'usine Lumière de Lyon (1.

French Louis Lumière is considered the "first true motion picture "[3]Early period[edit]. Interior view of Kinetoscope with peephole viewer at top of cabinet. In the 1. 89. 0s, films were seen mostly via temporary storefront spaces and traveling exhibitors or as acts in vaudeville programs.

A film could be under a minute long and would usually present a single scene, authentic or staged, of everyday life, a public event, a sporting event or slapstick. There was little to no cinematic technique, the film was usually black and white and it was without sound. Brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière. The novelty of realistic moving photographs was enough for a motion picture industry to blossom before the end of the century, in countries around the world. The Cinema" was to offer a cheaper, simpler way of providing entertainment to the masses.

Filmmakers could record actors' performances, which then could be shown to audiences around the world. Travelogues would bring the sights of far- flung places, with movement, directly to spectators' hometowns. Movies would become the most popular visual art form of the late Victorian age.[4]The Berlin Wintergarten theater hosted an early movie presentation in front of an audience, shown by the Skladanowsky brothers in 1. The Melbourne Athenaeum started to screen movies in 1. Movie theaters became popular entertainment venues and social hubs in the early 2. Until 1. 92. 7, motion pictures were produced without sound.

This era is referred to as the silent era of film. To enhance the viewers' experience, silent films were commonly accompanied by live musicians in an orchestra, a theatre organ, and sometimes sound effects and even commentary spoken by the showman or projectionist. In most countries, intertitles came to be used to provide dialogue and narration for the film, thus dispensing with narrators, but in Japanese cinema human narration remained popular throughout the silent era. The technical problems were resolved by 1. Illustrated songs were a notable exception to this trend that began in 1. Live performance or sound recordings were paired with hand- colored glass slides projected through stereopticons and similar devices.

In this way, song narrative was illustrated through a series of slides whose changes were simultaneous with the narrative development. The main purpose of illustrated songs was to encourage sheet music sales, and they were highly successful with sales reaching into the millions for a single song. Later, with the birth of film, illustrated songs were used as filler material preceding films and during reel changes.[6]The 1. The Photo- Drama of Creation was a non- commercial attempt to combine the motion picture with a combination of slides and synchronize the resulting moving picture with audio. The film included hand- painted slides as well as other previously used techniques. Simultaneously playing the audio while the film was being played with a projector was required. Produced by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania (Jehovah's Witnesses), this eight–hour bible drama was being shown in 8.

United States and Canada saw the presentation.[citation needed]Birth of movies[edit]The first eleven years of motion pictures show the cinema moving from a novelty to an established large- scale entertainment industry. The films represent a movement from films consisting of one shot, completely made by one person with a few assistants, towards films several minutes long consisting of several shots, which were made by large companies in something like industrial conditions. The year 1. 90. 0 marks the emergence of the first motion pictures that can be considered as "films" – at this point, film- makers begin to introduce basic editing techniques and film narrative.[7]Invention and advancement of the camera[edit]Early movie cameras were fastened to the head of their tripod with only simple levelling devices provided.